Dev, N., Das, A., Hossain, M. & Rahman, S. Chemical compositions of different extracts of Ocimum basilicum leaves. J. Sci. Res. 3, 197–197 (2011).
Abidi, F. et al. Blue light effects on rose photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. Plant Biol. 15, 67–74 (2013).
Google Scholar
Paton, A. J. et al. Phylogeny and evolution of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 277–299 (2004).
Google Scholar
Vani, S. R., Cheng, S. & Chuah, C. Comparative study of volatile compounds from genus Ocimum. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 6, 523 (2009).
Google Scholar
Wangcharoen, W. & Morasuk, W. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of holy basil. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 29, 1407–1415 (2007).
Anbarasu, K. & Vijayalakshmi, G. Improved shelf life of protein-rich tofu using Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) extracts to benefit Indian rural population. J. Food Sci. 72, M300–M305 (2007).
Google Scholar
Panda, H. Handbook On Medicinal Herbs With Uses: Medicinal Plant Farming, Most Profitable Medicinal Plants in India, Medicinal Plants Farming in India, Plants Used in Herbalism, Medicinal Herbs You Can Grow, Medicinal Herbs and Their Uses, Medicinal Herbs, Herbal & Medicinal Plants, Growing Medicinal Herb, Most Profitable Medicinal Herbs Growing With Small Investment, Herbal Medicine Herbs (Asia Pacific Business Press Inc., 2004).
Kelm, M., Nair, M., Strasburg, G. & DeWitt, D. Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase inhibitory phenolic compounds from Ocimum sanctum Linn. Phytomedicine 7, 7–13 (2000).
Google Scholar
Singh, D. & Chaudhuri, P. K. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 118, 367–382 (2018).
Google Scholar
Charles, D. J. & Simon, J. E. Comparison of extraction methods for the rapid determination of essential oil content and composition of basil. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. 115, 458–462 (1990).
Google Scholar
da Costa, A. S. et al. Chemical diversity in basil (Ocimum sp.) germplasm. Sci. World J. 20, 15 (2015).
Zhan, Y., An, X., Wang, S., Sun, M. & Zhou, H. Basil polysaccharides: A review on extraction, bioactivities and pharmacological applications. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 28, 115179 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ouzounis, T., Rosenqvist, E. & Ottosen, C.-O. Spectral effects of artificial light on plant physiology and secondary metabolism: A review. HortScience 50, 1128–1135 (2015).
Google Scholar
Siddiqui, M. W. & Prasad, K. Plant Secondary Metabolites, Volume One: Biological and Therapeutic Significance (CRC Press, 2017).
Giliberto, L. et al. Manipulation of the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 in tomato affects vegetative development, flowering time, and fruit antioxidant content. Plant Physiol. 137, 199–208 (2005).
Google Scholar
Lillo, C. & Appenroth, K. J. Light regulation of nitrate reductase in higher plants: Which photoreceptors are involved?. Plant Biol. 3, 455–465 (2001).
Google Scholar
Barrero, J. M., Downie, A. B., Xu, Q. & Gubler, F. A role for barley CRYPTOCHROME1 in light regulation of grain dormancy and germination. Plant Cell 26, 1094–1104 (2014).
Google Scholar
Devlin, P. F. & Kay, S. A. Cryptochromes are required for phytochrome signaling to the circadian clock but not for rhythmicity. Plant Cell 12, 2499–2509 (2000).
Google Scholar
Inada, K. Action spectra for photosynthesis in higher plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 17, 355–365 (1976).
Tlałka, M., Runquist, M. & Fricker, M. Light perception and the role of the xanthophyll cycle in blue-light-dependent chloroplast movements in Lemna trisulca L.. Plant J. 20, 447–459 (1999).
Google Scholar
Olle, M. & Viršile, A. The effects of light-emitting diode lighting on greenhouse plant growth and quality. Agric. Food Sci. 22, 223–234 (2013).
Bantis, F., Ouzounis, T. & Radoglou, K. Artificial LED lighting enhances growth characteristics and total phenolic content of Ocimum basilicum, but variably affects transplant success. Sci. Hortic. 198, 277–283 (2016).
Google Scholar
Taulavuori, K., Hyöky, V., Oksanen, J., Taulavuori, E. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. Species-specific differences in synthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acids under increasing periods of enhanced blue light. Environ. Exp. Bot. 121, 145–150 (2016).
Google Scholar
Yorio, N. C., Goins, G. D., Kagie, H. R., Wheeler, R. M. & Sager, J. C. Improving spinach, radish, and lettuce growth under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue light supplementation. HortScience 36, 380–383 (2001).
Google Scholar
Li, Q. & Kubota, C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf lettuce. Environ. Exp. Bot. 67, 59–64 (2009).
Google Scholar
Baroli, I., Price, G. D., Badger, M. R. & von Caemmerer, S. The contribution of photosynthesis to the red light response of stomatal conductance. Plant Physiol. 146, 737–747 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kudo, R., Ishida, Y. & Yamamoto, K. In VI International Symposium on Light in Horticulture 907 251–254 (2009).
Samuolienė, G. et al. LED illumination affects bioactive compounds in romaine baby leaf lettuce. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93, 3286–3291 (2013).
Google Scholar
Carvalho, S. D., Schwieterman, M. L., Abrahan, C. E., Colquhoun, T. A. & Folta, K. M. Light quality dependent changes in morphology, antioxidant capacity, and volatile production in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Front. Plant Sci. 7, 1328 (2016).
Google Scholar
Pennisi, G. et al. Unraveling the role of red: Blue LED lights on resource use efficiency and nutritional properties of indoor grown sweet basil. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 305 (2019).
Google Scholar
Maurya, S. & Sangwan, N.S. in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 90, pp. 577–583 (2020).
Werker, E., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., Dudai, N. & Katzir, I. Glandular hairs and essential oil in developing leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae). Ann. Bot. 71, 43–50 (1993).
Google Scholar
Kozai, T., Niu, G. & Takagaki, M. Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production (Academic Press, 2019).
Shinohara, Y. & Suzuki, Y. in Symposium on High Technology in Protected Cultivation 230, pp. 279–286 (1988).
Rondeaux, G., Steven, M. & Baret, F. Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Environ. 55, 95–107 (1996).
Google Scholar
Daughtry, C. S., Walthall, C., Kim, M., De Colstoun, E. B. & McMurtreyIii, J. Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 74, 229–239 (2000).
Google Scholar
Gitelson, A. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Stark, R. & Rundquist, D. Novel algorithms for remote estimation of vegetation fraction. Remote Sens. Environ. 80, 76–87 (2002).
Google Scholar
Liu, L.-Y., Huang, W.-J., Pu, R.-L. & Wang, J.-H. Detection of internal leaf structure deterioration using a new spectral ratio index in the near-infrared shoulder region. J. Integrat. Agric. 13, 760–769 (2014).
Peñuelas, J., Filella, I., Biel, C., Serrano, L. & Save, R. The reflectance at the 950–970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14, 1887–1905 (1993).
Bao, J., Cai, Y., Sun, M., Wang, G. & Corke, H. Anthocyanins, flavonols, and free radical scavenging activity of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) extracts and their color properties and stability. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 2327–2332 (2005).
Google Scholar
Cai, Y., Sun, M. & Corke, H. Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 2288–2294 (2003).
Google Scholar
Son, S. & Lewis, B. A. Free radical scavenging and antioxidative activity of caffeic acid amide and ester analogues: Structure−activity relationship. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 468–472 (2002).
Google Scholar
Liang, J. & He, J. Protective role of anthocyanins in plants under low nitrogen stress. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 498, 946–953 (2018).
Google Scholar
Joshi, R. Chemical composition, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, O. sanctum and their major constituents. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 75, 457 (2013).
Google Scholar
Joshi, R., Badakar, V. & Kholkute, S. Carvacrol rich essential oils of Coleus aromaticus (Benth.) from Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India. Adv. Environ. Biol. 5, 1307–1310 (2011).
Google Scholar
Joshi, R. & Hoti, S. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi) from North West Karnataka, India. Plant Sci. Today. 1, 99–102 (2014).
Adams, R. P. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Vol 456 (Allured Publishing Corporation, 2007).
Yan, Z., He, D., Niu, G. & Zhai, H. Evaluation of growth and quality of hydroponic lettuce at harvest as affected by the light intensity, photoperiod and light quality at seedling stage. Sci. Hortic. 248, 138–144 (2019).
Shimazaki, K.-I., Doi, M., Assmann, S. M. & Kinoshita, T. Light regulation of stomatal movement. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 58, 219–247 (2007).
Google Scholar
Inoue, S.-I., Takemiya, A. & Shimazaki, K.-I. Phototropin signaling and stomatal opening as a model case. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13, 587–593 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bouly, J.-P. et al. Cryptochrome blue light photoreceptors are activated through interconversion of flavin redox states. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 9383–9391 (2007).
Google Scholar
Matthews, J. S., Vialet-Chabrand, S. & Lawson, T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. J. Exp. Bot. 71, 2253–2269 (2020).
Google Scholar
Belgio, E. et al. Economic photoprotection in photosystem II that retains a complete light-harvesting system with slow energy traps. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–8 (2014).
Brodersen, C. R. & Vogelmann, T. C. Do changes in light direction affect absorption profiles in leaves?. Funct. Plant Biol. 37, 403–412 (2010).
Lin, W. & Jolliffe, P. Light intensity and spectral quality affect fruit growth and shelf life of greenhouse-grown long English cucumber. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 121, 1168–1173 (1996).
Ma, G. et al. Effect of blue and red LED light irradiation on β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in the flavedo of citrus fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60, 197–201 (2012).
Google Scholar
Tanaka, M. et al. In vitro growth of Cymbidium plantlets cultured under superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 73, 39–44 (1998).
Kopsell, D. A. & Sams, C. E. Increases in shoot tissue pigments, glucosinolates, and mineral elements in sprouting broccoli after exposure to short-duration blue light from light emitting diodes. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 138, 31–37 (2013).
Shengxin, C. et al. Morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological responses of rapeseed leaf to different combinations of red and blue lights at the rosette stage. Front. Plant Sci. 7, 1144 (2016).
Google Scholar
Terashima, I., Fujita, T., Inoue, T., Chow, W. S. & Oguchi, R. Green light drives leaf photosynthesis more efficiently than red light in strong white light: Revisiting the enigmatic question of why leaves are green. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 684–697 (2009).
Google Scholar
Darko, E., Heydarizadeh, P., Schoefs, B. & Sabzalian, M. R. Photosynthesis under artificial light: The shift in primary and secondary metabolism. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 369, 20130243 (2014).
Koseki, P. M. et al. Effects of irradiation in medicinal and eatable herbs. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 63, 681–684 (2002).
Google Scholar
Huang, D., Ou, B. & Prior, R. L. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 1841–1856 (2005).
Google Scholar
Samuolienė, G. et al. Red light-dose or wavelength-dependent photoresponse of antioxidants in herb microgreens. PloS One 11, e0163405 (2016).
Google Scholar
Samuolienė, G., Sirtautas, R., Brazaitytė, A. & Duchovskis, P. LED lighting and seasonality effects antioxidant properties of baby leaf lettuce. Food Chem. 134, 1494–1499 (2012).
Google Scholar
Agati, G., Azzarello, E., Pollastri, S. & Tattini, M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: Location and functional significance. Plant Sci. 196, 67–76 (2012).
Google Scholar
Carvalho, R. F., Takaki, M. & Azevedo, R. A. Plant pigments: The many faces of light perception. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33, 241–248 (2011).
Google Scholar
Vaštakaitė, V. et al. The effect of blue light dosage on growth and antioxidant properties of microgreens. Sodininkystė Daržininkystė 34, 25–35 (2015).
Chang, X., Alderson, P. G. & Wright, C. J. Solar irradiance level alters the growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its content of volatile oils. Environ. Exp. Bot. 63, 216–223 (2008).
Google Scholar
Dharmani, P. et al. Evaluation of anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer-healing properties of Ocimum sanctum Linn.. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 197–206 (2004).
Google Scholar
Hussain, A. I., Anwar, F., Sherazi, S. T. H. & Przybylski, R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem. 108, 986–995 (2008).
Google Scholar
Sacchetti, G. et al. Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 3486–3491 (2004).
Google Scholar
López, M. D., Jordán, M. J. & Pascual-Villalobos, M. J. Toxic compounds in essential oils of coriander, caraway and basil active against stored rice pests. J. Stored Prod. Res. 44, 273–278 (2008).
Johkan, M., Shoji, K., Goto, F., Hahida, S.-N. & Yoshihara, T. Effect of green light wavelength and intensity on photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis in Lactuca sativa. Environ. Exp. Bot. 75, 128–133 (2012).
Google Scholar
Choi, Y. K. et al. Methyleugenol reduces cerebral ischemic injury
by suppression of oxidative injury and inflammation. Free Radical Res. 44, 925–935 (2010).
Google Scholar
Loughrin, J. H. & Kasperbauer, M. J. Aroma content of fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves is affected by light reflected from colored mulches. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 2272–2276 (2003).
Google Scholar
