Wei, S. C. et al. Distinct cellular mechanisms underlie anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Cell 170, 1120–1133.e17 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sharma, P. & Allison, J. P. Dissecting the mechanisms of immune checkpoint therapy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 75–76 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wolchok, J. Putting the immunologic brakes on cancer. Cell 175, 1452–1454 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kulkarni, A. et al. A designer self-assembled supramolecule amplifies macrophage immune responses against aggressive cancer. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 589–599 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wei, S. C., Duffy, C. R. & Allison, J. P. Fundamental mechanisms of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Cancer Discov. 8, 1069–1086 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tseng, D. et al. Anti-CD47 antibody–mediated phagocytosis of cancer by macrophages primes an effective antitumor T-cell response. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 11103–11108 (2013).
Google Scholar
Sharma, P. & Allison, J. P. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science 348, 56–61 (2015).
Google Scholar
Önfelt, B., Nedvetzki, S., Yanagi, K. & Davis, D. M. Cutting edge: membrane nanotubes connect immune cells. J. Immunol. 173, 1511–1513 (2004).
Google Scholar
Sowinski, S. et al. Membrane nanotubes physically connect T cells over long distances presenting a novel route for HIV-1 transmission. Nat. Cell Biol. 10, 211–219 (2008).
Google Scholar
Gousset, K. et al. Prions hijack tunnelling nanotubes for intercellular spread. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 328–336 (2009).
Google Scholar
Osswald, M. et al. Brain tumour cells interconnect to a functional and resistant network. Nature 528, 93–98 (2015).
Google Scholar
Connor, Y. et al. Physical nanoscale conduit-mediated communication between tumour cells and the endothelium modulates endothelial phenotype. Nat. Commun. 6, 8671 (2015).
Rustom, A., Saffrich, R., Markovic, I., Walther, P. & Gerdes, H.-H. Nanotubular highways for intercellular organelle transport. Science 303, 1007–1010 (2004).
Google Scholar
Ahmad, T. et al. Miro1 regulates intercellular mitochondrial transport & enhances mesenchymal stem cell rescue efficacy. EMBO J. 33, 994–1010 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wang, X. & Gerdes, H. H. Transfer of mitochondria via tunneling nanotubes rescues apoptotic PC12 cells. Cell Death Differ. 22, 1181–1191 (2015).
Lu, J. et al. Tunneling nanotubes promote intercellular mitochondria transfer followed by increased invasiveness in bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 8, 15539–15552 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sena, L. A. et al. Mitochondria are required for antigen-specific T cell activation through reactive oxygen species signaling. Immunity 38, 225–236 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kumar, A. et al. Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in NKT cells is essential for their survival and function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 7439–7448 (2019).
Google Scholar
Vyas, S., Zaganjor, E. & Haigis, M. C. Mitochondria and cancer. Cell 166, 555–566 (2016).
Google Scholar
Goldman, A. et al. Targeting tumor phenotypic plasticity and metabolic remodeling in adaptive cross-drug tolerance. Sci. Signal. 12, eaas8779 (2019).
Google Scholar
Clutton, G., Mollan, K., Hudgens, M. & Goonetilleke, N. A reproducible, objective method using MitoTracker® fluorescent dyes to assess mitochondrial mass in T cells by flow cytometry. Cytometry 95, 450–456 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pham, A. H., McCaffery, J. M. & Chan, D. C. Mouse lines with photo-activatable mitochondria to study mitochondrial dynamics. Genesis 50, 833–843 (2012).
Google Scholar
Pelletier, M., Billingham, L. K., Ramaswamy, M. & Siegel, R. M. in Methods Enzymol, Vol. 542 (eds Galluzzi, L. & Kroemer, G.) 125–149 (Academic Press, 2014).
Kaplon, J. et al. A key role for mitochondrial gatekeeper pyruvate dehydrogenase in oncogene-induced senescence. Nature 498, 109–112 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hase, K. et al. M-Sec promotes membrane nanotube formation by interacting with Ral and the exocyst complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 1427–1432 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hashimoto, M. et al. Potential role of the formation of tunneling nanotubes in HIV-1 spread in macrophages. J. Immunol. 196, 1832–1841 (2016).
Google Scholar
Moskalenko, S. et al. The exocyst is a Ral effector complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 66–72 (2002).
Google Scholar
Hanna, S. J. et al. The role of Rho-GTPases and actin polymerization during macrophage tunneling nanotube biogenesis. Sci. Rep. 7, 8547 (2017).
Google Scholar
Guo, W., Tamanoi, F. & Novick, P. Spatial regulation of the exocyst complex by Rho1 GTPase. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 353–360 (2001).
Google Scholar
Fransson, Å., Ruusala, A. & Aspenström, P. The atypical Rho GTPases Miro-1 and Miro-2 have essential roles in mitochondrial trafficking. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 344, 500–510 (2006).
Google Scholar
Glater, E. E., Megeath, L. J., Stowers, R. S. & Schwarz, T. L. Axonal transport of mitochondria requires milton to recruit kinesin heavy chain and is light chain independent. J. Cell Biol. 173, 545–557 (2006).
Google Scholar
Arkwright, P. D. et al. Fas stimulation of T lymphocytes promotes rapid intercellular exchange of death signals via membrane nanotubes. Cell Res. 20, 72–88.
Bustelo, X. R., Sauzeau, V. & Berenjeno, I. M. GTP-binding proteins of the Rho/Rac family: regulation, effectors and functions in vivo. Bioessays 29, 356–370 (2007).
Google Scholar
Majumder, B. et al. Predicting clinical response to anticancer drugs using an ex vivo platform that captures tumour heterogeneity. Nat. Commun. 6, 6169 (2015).
Google Scholar

