Jiang, S. et al. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by a combination of Escherichia coli-mediated cytolytic therapy and radiotherapy. Mol. Ther. 18, 635–642 (2010).
Google Scholar
Tredan, O., Galmarini, C. M., Patel, K. & Tannock, I. F. Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99, 1441–1454 (2007).
Google Scholar
He, B. et al. Recent advances in drug delivery systems for enhancing drug penetration into tumors. Drug. Deliv. 27, 1474–1490 (2020).
Google Scholar
Baudino, T. A. Targeted cancer therapy: The next generation of cancer treatment. Curr. Drug. Discov. Technol. 12, 3–20 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tannock, I. F., Lee, C. M., Tunggal, J. K., Cowan, D. S. & Egorin, M. J. Limited penetration of anticancer drugs through tumor tissue: A potential cause of resistance of solid tumors to chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 878–884 (2002).
Google Scholar
Navya, P. N. et al. Current trends and challenges in cancer management and therapy using designer nanomaterials. Nano Converg. 6, 23 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yazawa, K. et al. Bifidobacterium longum as a delivery system for gene therapy of chemically induced ratmammary tumors. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 66, 165–170 (2001).
Google Scholar
Malmgren, R. A. & Flanigan, C. C. Localization of the vegetative form of Clostridium tetani in mouse tumors following intravenous spore administration. Cancer Res. 15, 473–478 (1955).
Google Scholar
Forbes, N. S., Munn, L. L., Fukumura, D. & Jain, R. K. Sparse initial entrapment of systemically injected Salmonella typhimurium leads to heterogeneous accumulation within tumors. Cancer Res. 63, 5188–5193 (2003).
Google Scholar
Min, J. J., Nguyen, V. H., Kim, H. J., Hong, Y. & Choy, H. E. Quantitative bioluminescence imaging of tumor-targeting bacteria in living animals. Nat. Protoc. 3, 629–636 (2008).
Google Scholar
Leschner, S. et al. Tumo invasion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium is accompanied by strong hemorrhage promoted by TNF-α. PLoS ONE 4, e6692 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kasinskas, R. W. & Forbes, N. S. Salmonella typhimurium lacking ribose chemoreceptors localize in tumor quiescence and Induce apoptosis. Cancer Res. 67, 3201–3209 (2007).
Google Scholar
Van Dessel, N., Swofford, C. A. & Forbes, N. S. Potent and tumor specific: Arming bacteria with therapeutic proteins. Ther. Deliv. 6, 385–399 (2015).
Google Scholar
Sznol, M., Lin, S. L., Bermudes, D., Zheng, L. M. & King, I. Use of preferentially replicating bacteria for the treatment of cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1027–1030 (2000).
Google Scholar
Nauts, H. C., Swift, W. E. & Coley, B. L. The treatment of malignant tumors by bacterial toxins as developed by the late William B. Coley, MD, reviewed in the light of modern research. Cancer Res. 6, 205–216 (1946).
Google Scholar
Hosseinidoust, Z., Mostaghaci, B., Yasa, O. & Park, B. W. Bioengineered and biohybrid bacteria-based systems for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 106, 27–44 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lehouritis, P., Springer, C. & Tangney, M. Bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J. Control Release 170, 120–131 (2013).
Google Scholar
Xiang, S., Fruehauf, J. & Li, C. J. Short hairpin RNA-expressing bacteria elicit RNA interference in mammals. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 697–702 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kim, J. E. et al. Salmonella typhimurium suppresses tumor growth via the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1β. Theranostics 5, 1328–1342 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fensterle, J. et al. Cancer immunotherapy based on recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA strains secreting prostate-specific antigen and cholera toxin subunit B. Cancer Gene Ther. 15, 85–93 (2008).
Google Scholar
Gurbatri, C. R. et al. Engineered probiotics for local tumor delivery of checkpoint blockade nanobodies. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, 0876 (2020).
Google Scholar
Baindara, P. & Mandal, S. M. Bacteria and bacterial anticancer agents as a promising alternative for cancer therapeutics. Biochimie 177, 164–189 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M. et al. Bacterial delivery of a novel cytolysin to hypoxic areas of solid tumors. Gene Ther. 16, 329–339 (2009).
Google Scholar
St. Jean, A. T., Swofford, C. A., Panteli, J. T. & Brentzel, Z. J. Bacterial delivery of Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin causes regression and necrosis in murine tumors. Mol. Ther. 22, 1266–1274 (2014).
Google Scholar
O’Keefe, S. J. D. Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 691–706 (2016).
Google Scholar
Fung, K. Y. C., Cosgrove, L., Lockett, T., Head, R. & Topping, D. L. A review of the potential mechanisms for the lowering of colorectal oncogenesis by butyrate. Br. J. Nutr. 108, 820–831 (2012).
Google Scholar
Chen, J., Zhao, K. N. & Vitetta, L. Effects of intestinal microbial elaborated butyrate on oncogenic signaling pathways. Nutrients 11, 1026 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jang, B. et al. Down-regulation and nuclear localization of survivin by sodium butyrate induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in human oral mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oral. Oncol. 88, 160–167 (2019).
Google Scholar
Foglietta, F. et al. Modulation of butyrate anticancer activity by solid lipid nanoparticle delivery: An in vitro investigation on human breast cancer and leukemia cell lines. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 17, 231–247 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ooi, C. C. et al. Structure-activity relationship of butyrate analogues on apoptosis, proliferation and histone deacetylase activity in HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 37, 905–911 (2010).
Google Scholar
Minelli, R. et al. Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles inhibit the adhesion and migration of colon cancer cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 166, 587–601 (2012).
Google Scholar
Minelli, R. et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles of cholesteryl butyrate inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo models. Br. J. Pharmacol. 170, 233–244 (2013).
Google Scholar
Beimfohr, C. A review of research conducted with probiotic E. coli marketed as symbioflor. Int. J. Bacteriol. 2016, 3535621 (2016).
Google Scholar
Stritzker, J. et al. Tumor-specific colonization, tissue distribution, and gene induction by probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in live mice. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297, 151–162 (2007).
Google Scholar
Saini, M., Wang, Z. W., Chiang, C. J. & Chao, Y. P. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of butyric acid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 4342–4348 (2014).
Google Scholar
Chiang, C. J., Chen, P. T. & Chao, Y. P. Replicon-free and markerless methods for genomic insertion of DNAs in phage attachment sites and controlled expression of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 101, 985–995 (2008).
Google Scholar
Chiang, C. J. et al. Genomic engineering of Escherichia coli by the phage attachment site-based integration system with mutant loxP sites. Proc. Biochem. 17, 2246–2254 (2012).
Google Scholar
Saini, M., Li, S. Y., Chiang, C. J. & Chao, Y. P. Systematic engineering of the central metabolism in Escherichia coli for effective production of n-butanol. Biotechnol. Biofuels 9, 69 (2016).
Google Scholar
Baba, T. et al. Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection. Mol. Syst. Biol. 2, 20060008 (2006).
Google Scholar
Datsenko, K. A. & Wanner, B. L. One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6640–6645 (2000).
Google Scholar
Chiang, C. J., Lin, L. J., Wu, C. P., Chen, C. J. & Chao, Y. P. Development of nanoscale oil bodies for targeted treatment of lung cancer. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66, 9438–9445 (2018).
Google Scholar
Liu, K., Liu, P. C., Liu, R. & Wu, X. Dual AO/EB staining to detect apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells compared with flow cytometry. Med. Sci. Monit. Basic Res. 21, 15–20 (2015).
Google Scholar
Riccardi, C. & Nicoletti, I. Analysis of apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Nat. Protoc. 1, 1458–1461 (2006).
Google Scholar
Bressenot, A. et al. Assessment of apoptosis by immunohistochemistry to active caspase-3, active caspase-7, or cleaved PARP in monolayer cells and spheroid and subcutaneous xenografts of human carcinoma. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 57, 289–300 (2009).
Google Scholar
Blay, G. L. et al. Short-chain fatty acids induce cytoskeletal and extracellular protein modifications associated with modulation of proliferation on primary culture of rat intestinal smooth muscle cells. Dig. Dis. Sci. 45, 1623–1630 (2000).
Google Scholar
Karimian, A., Ahmadibc, Y. & Yousefi, B. Multiple functions of p21 in cell cycle, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation after DNA damage. DNA Repair 42, 63–71 (2016).
Google Scholar
Berríos-Rivera, S. J., Bennett, G. N. & San, K. Y. The effect of increasing NADH availability on the redistribution of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli chemostat cultures. Metab. Eng. 4, 230–237 (2002).
Google Scholar
Holms, M. H. The central metabolic pathways of Escherichia coli: Relationship between flux and control at a branch point, efficiency of conversion to biomass, and excretion of acetate. Curr. Top. Cell Regul. 28, 69–105 (1986).
Google Scholar
Comerford, S. A. et al. Acetate dependence of tumors. Cell 159, 1591–1602 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wu, X. et al. Effects of the intestinal microbial metabolite butyrate on the development of colorectal cancer. J. Cancer 9, 2510–2517 (2018).
Google Scholar
Candido, E. P., Reeves, R. & Davie, J. R. Sodium butyrate inhibits histone deacetylation in cultured cells. Cell 14, 105–1113 (1978).
Google Scholar
Donohoe, D. R. et al. The Warburg effect dictates the mechanism of butyrate-mediated histone acetylation and cell proliferation. Mol. Cell 48, 612–626 (2012).
Google Scholar
Archer, S. Y., Meng, S., Shei, A. & Hodin, R. A. p21(WAF1) is required for butyrate-mediated growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6791–6796 (1998).
Google Scholar
Siavoshiana, S., Blottiere, H. M., Cherbut, C. & Galmiche, J. P. Butyrate stimulates cyclin D and p21 and inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression in HT-29 colonic epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 232, 169–172 (1997).
Google Scholar
Donjerkovic, D. & Scott, D. W. Regulation of the G1 phase of the mammalian cell cycle. Cell Res. 10, 1–16 (2000).
Google Scholar
Gope, R. & Gope, M. L. Effect of sodium butyrate on the expression of retinoblastoma (RB1) and P53 gene and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in human colon tumor cell line HT29. Cell. Mol. Biol. 39, 589–597 (1993).
Google Scholar
Liu, K. et al. Wild-type and mutant p53 differentially modulate miR-124/iASPP feedback following pohotodynamic therapy in human colon cancer cell line. Cell Death Dis. 8, e3096 (2017).
Google Scholar
Waby, J. S. et al. Sp1 acetylation is associated with loss of DNA binding at promoters associated with cell cycle arrest and cell death in a colon cell line. Mol. Cancer 9, 275 (2010).
Google Scholar
Obeng, E. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) and its signals: A review. Braz. J. Biol. 81, 1133–1143 (2020).
Google Scholar
Landes, T. & Martinou, J. C. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during apoptosis: the role of mitochondrial fission. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1813, 540–545 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kale, J., Osterlund, E. J. & Andrews, D. W. BCL-2 family proteins: changing partners in the dance towards death. Cell Death Differ. 25, 65–80 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dorstyn, L., Akey, C. W. & Kumar, S. New insights into apoptosome structure and function. Cell Death Differ. 25, 1194–1208 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chaitanya, G. V., Alexander, J. S. & Babu, P. P. PARP-1 cleavage fragments: Signatures of cell-death proteases in neurodegeneration. Cell. Commun. Signal 8, 31 (2010).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. et al. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 targets and restrains mouse B16 melanoma and 4 T1 breast tumors through expression of azurin protein. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 7603–7610 (2012).
Google Scholar
He, L. et al. Intestinal probiotics E. coli Nissle 1917 as a targeted vehicle for delivery of p53 and Tum-5 to solid tumors for cancer therapy. J. Biol. Eng. 13, 58 (2019).
Google Scholar
Burns, S. M. & Hull, S. I. Comparison of loss of serum resistance by defined lipopolysaccharide mutants and an acapsular mutant of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O75:K5. Infect. Immun. 66, 4244–4253 (1988).
Google Scholar
Lasaro, M. A. et al. F1C fimbriae play an importantrole in biofilm formation and intestinal colonization by the Escherichia coli commensal strain Nissle 1917. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 246–251 (2009).
Google Scholar
Saldanha, S. N., Kala, R. & Tollefsbol, T. O. Molecular mechanisms for inhibition of colon cancer cells by combined epigenetic-modulating epigallocatechin gallate and sodium butyrate. Exp. Cell Res. 324, 40–53 (2014).
Google Scholar
Semaan, J. et al. Comparative effect of sodium butyrate and sodium propionate on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Breast Cancer 27, 696–705 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pulliam, S. R., Pellom, S. T. J., Shanker, A. & Adunyah, S. E. Butyrate regulates the expression of inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines in human acute leukemic cells during apoptosis. Cytokine 84, 74–87 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mrkvicova, A. et al. The effect of sodium butyrate and cisplatin on expression of EMT markers. PLoS ONE 14, e0210889 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shankar, E. et al. Role of class I histone deacetylases in the regulation of maspin expression in prostate cancer. Mol. Carcinog. 59, 955–966 (2020).
Google Scholar
