Nakai, J., Ohkura, M. & Imoto, K. A high signal-to-noise Ca2+ probe composed of a single green fluorescent protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 137–141 (2001).
Google Scholar
Belliveau, J. W. et al. Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 254, 716–719 (1991).
Google Scholar
Ogawa, S. et al. Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5951–5955 (1992).
Google Scholar
Hu, S., Maslov, K., Tsytsarev, V. & Wang, L. V. Functional transcranial brain imaging by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 040503 (2009).
Google Scholar
Mace, E. et al. Functional ultrasound imaging of the brain. Nat. Methods 8, 662–664 (2011).
Google Scholar
Logothetis, N. K. The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. J. Neurosci. 23, 3963–3971 (2003).
Google Scholar
Attwell, D. et al. Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. Nature 468, 232–243 (2010).
Google Scholar
Krawchuk, M. B., Ruff, C. F., Yang, X., Ross, S. E. & Vazquez, A. L. Optogenetic assessment of VIP, PV, SOM and NOS inhibitory neuron activity and cerebral blood flow regulation in mouse somato-sensory cortex. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 40, 1427–1440 (2020).
Google Scholar
Burke, M. & Buhrle, C. BOLD response during uncoupling of neuronal activity and CBF. Neuroimage 32, 1–8 (2006).
Google Scholar
Stefanovic, B., Schwindt, W., Hoehn, M. & Silva, A. C. Functional uncoupling of hemodynamic from neuronal response by inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 27, 741–754 (2007).
Google Scholar
Zhou, L. & Zhu, D. Y. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase: structure, subcellular localization, regulation, and clinical implications. Nitric Oxide 20, 223–230 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lee, S. J. & Stull, J. T. Calmodulin-dependent regulation of inducible and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27430–27437 (1998).
Google Scholar
Brenman, J. E. et al. Interaction of nitric oxide synthase with the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 and ɑ1-syntrophin mediated by PDZ domains. Cell 84, 757–767 (1996).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. et al. Comparison of neuronal and endothelial isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in stably transfected HEK 293 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 281, H2053–H2061 (2001).
Google Scholar
Shi, Z. et al. High spatial correspondence at a columnar level between activation and resting state fMRI signals and local field potentials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 5253–5258 (2017).
Google Scholar
Oh, S. W. et al. A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain. Nature 508, 207–214 (2014).
Google Scholar
Guo, Q. et al. Whole-brain mapping of inputs to projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum. PLoS ONE 10, e0123381 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hunnicutt, B. J. et al. A comprehensive excitatory input map of the striatum reveals novel functional organization. eLife 5, e19103 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mandelbaum, G. et al. Distinct cortical-thalamic-striatal circuits through the parafascicular nucleus. Neuron 102, 636–652 e637 (2019).
Google Scholar
Stuber, G. D. & Wise, R. A. Lateral hypothalamic circuits for feeding and reward. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 198–205 (2016).
Google Scholar
Schlaepfer, T. E., Bewernick, B. H., Kayser, S., Madler, B. & Coenen, V. A. Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 73, 1204–1212 (2013).
Google Scholar
Whiting, D. M. et al. Lateral hypothalamic area deep brain stimulation for refractory obesity: a pilot study with preliminary data on safety, body weight, and energy metabolism. J. Neurosurg. 119, 56–63 (2013).
Google Scholar
Moisan, J. & Rompre, P. P. Electrophysiological evidence that a subset of midbrain dopamine neurons integrate the reward signal induced by electrical stimulation of the posterior mesencephalon. Brain Res. 786, 143–152 (1998).
Google Scholar
Fenno, L. E. et al. Targeting cells with single vectors using multiple-feature Boolean logic. Nat. Methods 11, 763–772 (2014).
Google Scholar
Li, N. & Jasanoff, A. Local and global consequences of reward-evoked striatal dopamine release. Nature 580, 239–244 (2020).
Google Scholar
Okada, S. et al. Calcium-dependent molecular fMRI using a magnetic nanosensor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 473–477 (2018).
Google Scholar
Park, Y. G. et al. Protection of tissue physicochemical properties using polyfunctional crosslinkers. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 73–83 (2018).
Biswal, B., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M. & Hyde, J. S. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 537–541 (1995).
Google Scholar
Adamantidis, A. R. et al. Optogenetic interrogation of dopaminergic modulation of the multiple phases of reward-seeking behavior. J. Neurosci. 31, 10829–10835 (2011).
Google Scholar
Bamford, N. S., Wightman, R. M. & Sulzer, D. Dopamine’s effects on corticostriatal synapses during reward-based behaviors. Neuron 97, 494–510 (2018).
Google Scholar
Buxton, R. B., Uludag, K., Dubowitz, D. J. & Liu, T. T. Modeling the hemodynamic response to brain activation. Neuroimage 23, S220–S233 (2004).
Google Scholar
Picon-Pages, P., Garcia-Buendia, J. & Munoz, F. J. Functions and dysfunctions of nitric oxide in brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1865, 1949–1967 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hillman, E. M. Coupling mechanism and significance of the BOLD signal: a status report. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 37, 161–181 (2014).
Google Scholar
Nippert, A. R., Biesecker, K. R. & Newman, E. A. Mechanisms mediating functional hyperemia in the brain. Neuroscientist 24, 73–83 (2018).
Google Scholar
D’Esposito, M., Deouell, L. Y. & Gazzaley, A. Alterations in the BOLD fMRI signal with ageing and disease: a challenge for neuroimaging. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 863–872 (2003).
Google Scholar
Jakobs, M., Fomenko, A., Lozano, A. M. & Kiening, K. L. Cellular, molecular, and clinical mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation—a systematic review on established indications and outlook on future developments. EMBO Mol. Med. 11, e9575 (2019).
Lee, J. H. et al. Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring. Nature 465, 788–792 (2010).
Google Scholar
Desai, M. et al. Mapping brain networks in awake mice using combined optical neural control and fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 105, 1393–1405 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lima, S. Q., Hromadka, T., Znamenskiy, P. & Zador, A. M. PINP: a new method of tagging neuronal populations for identification during in vivo electrophysiological recording. PLoS ONE 4, e6099 (2009).
Google Scholar
Pautler, R. G. & Koretsky, A. P. Tracing odor-induced activation in the olfactory bulbs of mice using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 16, 441–448 (2002).
Google Scholar
Yoshimura, T. et al. In vivo EPR detection and imaging of endogenous nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 992–994 (1996).
Google Scholar
Reinhardt, C. J., Zhou, E. Y., Jorgensen, M. D., Partipilo, G. & Chan, J. A ratiometric acoustogenic probe for in vivo imaging of endogenous nitric oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 1011–1018 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barandov, A. et al. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of nitric oxide in biological systems. ACS Sens. 5, 1674–1682 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wang, S., Olumolade, O. O., Sun, T., Samiotaki, G. & Konofagou, E. E. Noninvasive, neuron-specific gene therapy can be facilitated by focused ultrasound and recombinant adeno-associated virus. Gene Ther. 22, 104–110 (2015).
Google Scholar
Deverman, B. E. et al. Cre-dependent selection yields AAV variants for widespread gene transfer to the adult brain. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 204–209 (2016).
Google Scholar
Szablowski, J. O., Lee-Gosselin, A., Lue, B., Malounda, D. & Shapiro, M. G. Acoustically targeted chemogenetics for the non-invasive control of neural circuits. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 475–484 (2018).
Google Scholar
Leithner, C. et al. Pharmacological uncoupling of activation induced increases in CBF and CMRO2. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 30, 311–322 (2010).
Google Scholar
Qi, Y., Wang, J. K. T., McMillian, M. & Chikaraishi, D. M. Characterization of a CNS cell line, CAD, in which morphological differentiation is initiated by serum deprivation. J. Neurosci. 17, 1217–1225 (1997).
Google Scholar
Kundu, P., Inati, S. J., Evans, J. W., Luh, W. M. & Bandettini, P. A. Differentiating BOLD and non-BOLD signals in fMRI time series using multi-echo EPI. Neuroimage 60, 1759–1770 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cox, R. W. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput. Biomed. Res. 29, 162–173 (1996).
Google Scholar
Papp, E. A., Leergaard, T. B., Calabrese, E., Johnson, G. A. & Bjaalie, J. G. Waxholm Space atlas of the Sprague Dawley rat brain. Neuroimage 97, 374–386 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kim, S.-Y. et al. Stochastic electrotransport selectively enhances the transport of highly electromobile molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, E6274–E6283 (2015).
Yun, D. H. et al. Ultrafast immunostaining of organ-scale tissues for scalable proteomic phenotyping. Preprint at bioRxiv https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660373v1 (2019).
Paxinos, G. & Watson, C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Compact Sixth Edition (Academic Press, 2009).
