Han GZ, Worobey M. An endogenous foamy-like viral element in the coelacanth genome. Plos Pathog. 2012;8:e1002790.
Google Scholar
Katzourakis A, Gifford RJ, Tristem M, Gilbert MT, Pybus OG. Macroevolution of complex retroviruses. Science. 2009;325:1512.
Google Scholar
Pinto-Santini DM, Stenbak CR, Linial ML. Foamy virus zoonotic infections. Retrovirology. 2017;14:55.
Google Scholar
Rethwilm A, Bodem J. Evolution of Foamy Viruses: The Most Ancient of All Retroviruses. Viruses-Basel. 2013;5:2349–74.
Khan AS, Bodem J, Buseyne F, Gessain A, Johnson W, Kuhn JH, et al. Spumaretroviruses: Updated taxonomy and nomenclature. Virology. 2018;516:158–64.
Google Scholar
Linial ML. Foamy viruses are unconventional retroviruses. J Virol. 1999;73:1747–55.
Google Scholar
Liu WM, Worobey M, Li YY, Keele BF, Bibollet-Ruche F, Guo YY, et al. Molecular ecology and natural history of simian foamy virus infection in wild-living chimpanzees. Plos Pathog. 2008;4:e1000097.
Lambert C, Couteaudier M, Gouzil J, Richard L, Montange T, Betsem E, et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies in humans infected with zoonotic simian foamy viruses target conserved epitopes located in the dimorphic domain of the surface envelope protein. Plos Pathog. 2018;14:e1007293.
Google Scholar
Rua R, Betsem E, Calattini S, Saib A, Gessain A. Genetic characterization of simian foamy viruses infecting humans. J Virol. 2012;86:13350–9.
Google Scholar
Sandstrom PA, Phan KO, Switzer WM, Fredeking T, Chapman L, Heneine W, et al. Simian foamy virus infection among zoo keepers. Lancet. 2000;355:551–2.
Google Scholar
Switzer WM, Bhullar V, Shanmugam V, Cong ME, Parekh B, Lerche NW, et al. Frequent simian foamy virus infection in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. J Virol. 2004;78:2780–9.
Google Scholar
Switzer WM, Tang S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Shankar A, Hanson DL, Zheng H, et al. Novel simian foamy virus infections from multiple monkey species in women from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrovirology. 2012;9:100.
Google Scholar
Rua R, Betsem E, Gessain A. Viral latency in blood and saliva of simian foamy virus-infected humans. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77072.
Google Scholar
Trobridge G, Russell DW. Cell cycle requirements for transduction by foamy virus vectors compared to those of oncovirus and lentivirus vectors. J Virol. 2004;78:2327–35.
Google Scholar
Lehmann-Che J, Renault N, Giron ML, Roingeard P, Clave E, Tobaly-Tapiero J, et al. Centrosomal latency of incoming foamy viruses in resting cells. Plos Pathog. 2007;3:683–9.
Google Scholar
Perez OD, Logg CR, Hiraoka K, Diago O, Burnett R, Inagaki A, et al. Design and Selection of Toca 511 for Clinical Use: Modified Retroviral Replicating Vector With Improved Stability and Gene Expression. Mol Ther. 2012;20:1689–98.
Google Scholar
Huang TT, Parab S, Burnett R, Diago O, Ostertag D, Hofman FM, et al. Intravenous administration of retroviral replicating vector, Toca 511, demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic immune-competent mouse glioma model. Hum Gene Ther. 2015;26:82–93.
Google Scholar
Mitchell LA, Lopez Espinoza F, Mendoza D, Kato Y, Inagaki A, Hiraoka K, et al. Toca 511 gene transfer and treatment with the prodrug, 5-fluorocytosine, promotes durable antitumor immunity in a mouse glioma model. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19:930–9.
Google Scholar
Yagiz K, Rodriguez-Aguirre ME, Espinoza FL, Martin B, Huang TT, Ibanez C, et al. Intravenous Delivery of Toca 511 Gene Therapy in Combination with 5-Fluorocytosine for Intratumoral Production of 5-Fluorouracil in a Colon Cancer Metastasis Model. Mol Ther. 2015;23:S213. -S
Yagiz K, Rodriguez-Aguirre ME, Lopez Espinoza F, Montellano TT, Mendoza D, Mitchell LA, et al. A Retroviral Replicating Vector Encoding Cytosine Deaminase and 5-FC Induces Immune Memory in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Models. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2018;8:14–26.
Google Scholar
Tocagen Reports Results of Toca 5 Phase 3 Trial in Recurrent Brain Cancer 9. [press release]. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tocagen-reports-results-of-toca-5-phase-3-trial-in-recurrent-brain-cancer-300916705.html, 2019.
Hogan DJ, Zhu JJ, Diago OR, Gammon D, Haghighi A, Lu GR, et al. Molecular Analyses Support the Safety and Activity of Retroviral Replicating Vector Toca 511 in Patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24:4680–93.
Google Scholar
Blomqvist C, Wiklund T, Tarkkanen M, Elomaa I, Virolainen M. Measurement of growth rate of lung metastases in 21 patients with bone or soft-tissue sarcoma. Br J Cancer. 1993;68:414–7.
Google Scholar
Char DH. Uveal melanoma – Growth rate and prognosis. Arch Ophthalmol-Chic. 1997;115:1014–8.
Google Scholar
Andreadis ST, Brott D, Fuller AO, Palsson BO. Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived retroviral vectors decay intracellularly with a half-life in the range of 5.5 to 7.5 hours. J Virol. 1997;71:7541–8.
Google Scholar
Miller A, Suksanpaisan L, Naik S, Nace R, Federspiel M, Peng KW, et al. Reporter gene imaging identifies intratumoral infection voids as a critical barrier to systemic oncolytic virus efficacy. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2014;1:14005.
Google Scholar
Karjoo Z, Chen XG, Hatefi A. Progress and problems with the use of suicide genes for targeted cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;99:113–28.
Google Scholar
Piret J, Boivin G. Resistance of herpes simplex viruses to nucleoside analogues: mechanisms, prevalence, and management. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:459–72.
Google Scholar
Wu CC, Lee S, Malladi S, Chen MD, Mastrandrea NJ, Zhang Z, et al. The Apaf-1 apoptosome induces formation of caspase-9 homo- and heterodimers with distinct activities. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13565.
Google Scholar
Straathof KC, Pule MA, Yotnda P, Dotti G, Vanin EF, Brenner MK, et al. An inducible caspase 9 safety switch for T-cell therapy. Blood. 2005;105:4247–54.
Google Scholar
Stuhlmann H, Jaenisch R, Mulligan RC. Construction and properties of replication-competent murine retroviral vectors encoding methotrexate resistance. Mol Cell Biol. 1989;9:100–8.
Google Scholar
Reik W, Weiher H, Jaenisch R. Replication-competent Moloney murine leukemia virus carrying a bacterial suppressor tRNA gene: selective cloning of proviral and flanking host sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:1141–5.
Google Scholar
Budzik KM, Nace RA, Ikeda Y, Russell SJ. Oncolytic Foamy Virus – generation and properties of a nonpathogenic replicating retroviral vector system that targets chronically proliferating cancer cells. J Virol. 2021;95:e00015–21.
Kehl T, Tan J, Materniak M. Non-simian foamy viruses: molecular virology, tropism and prevalence and zoonotic/interspecies transmission. Viruses. 2013;5:2169–209.
Google Scholar
Huang TT, Hlavaty J, Ostertag D, Espinoza FL, Martin B, Petznek H, et al. Toca 511 gene transfer and 5-fluorocytosine in combination with temozolomide demonstrates synergistic therapeutic efficacy in a temozolomide-sensitive glioblastoma model. Cancer Gene Ther. 2013;20:544–51.
Google Scholar
Twitty CG, Diago OR, Hogan DJ, Burrascano C, Ibanez CE, Jolly DJ, et al. Retroviral Replicating Vectors Deliver Cytosine Deaminase Leading to Targeted 5-Fluorouracil-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Multiple Human Cancer Types. Hum Gene Ther Method. 2016;27:17–31.
Google Scholar
Dillon PJ, Lenz J, Rosen CA. Construction of a replication-competent murine retrovirus vector expressing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat transactivator protein. J Virol. 1991;65:4490–3.
Google Scholar
Logg CR, Tai CK, Logg A, Anderson WF, Kasahara N. A uniquely stable replication-competent retrovirus vector achieves efficient gene delivery in vitro and in solid tumors. Hum Gene Ther. 2001;12:921–32.
Google Scholar
Nestler U, Heinkelein M, Lucke M, Meixensberger J, Scheurlen W, Kretschmer A, et al. Foamy virus vectors for suicide gene therapy. Gene Ther. 1997;4:1270–7.
Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Rethwilm A. Replicating foamy virus-based vectors directing high level expression of foreign genes. Virology. 1995;210:167–78.
Google Scholar
Sweeney NP, Meng J, Patterson H, Morgan JE, McClure M. Delivery of large transgene cassettes by foamy virus vector. Sci Rep. 2017;7:8085.
Google Scholar
De Celis-Kosmas J, Coronel A, Grigorian I, Emanoil-Ravier R, Tobaly-Tapiero J. Non-random deletions in human foamy virus long terminal repeat during viral infection. Arch Virol. 1997;142:1237–46.
Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Herchenroder O, Heeney J, Rethwilm A. Long terminal repeat U3 length polymorphism of human foamy virus. Virology. 1997;230:167–78.
Google Scholar
Rua R, Gessain A. Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans. Curr Opin Virol. 2015;10:47–55.
Google Scholar
Watts JM, Dang KK, Gorelick RJ, Leonard CW, Bess JW Jr., Swanstrom R, et al. Architecture and secondary structure of an entire HIV-1 RNA genome. Nature. 2009;460:711–6.
Google Scholar
Tomezsko PJ, Corbin VDA, Gupta P, Swaminathan H, Glasgow M, Persad S, et al. Determination of RNA structural diversity and its role in HIV-1 RNA splicing. Nature. 2020;582:438–42.
Google Scholar
Saib A, Peries J, de The H. A defective human foamy provirus generated by pregenome splicing. EMBO J. 1993;12:4439–44.
Google Scholar
Falcone V, Leupold J, Clotten J, Urbanyi E, Herchenroder O, Spatz W, et al. Sites of simian foamy virus persistence in naturally infected African green monkeys: Latent provirus is ubiquitous, whereas viral replication is restricted to the oral mucosa. Virology. 1999;257:7–14.
Google Scholar
Meiering CD, Linial ML. Reactivation of a complex retrovirus is controlled by a molecular switch and is inhibited by a viral protein. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:15130–5.
Google Scholar
Sheehy AM, Erthal J. APOBEC3 versus Retroviruses, Immunity versus Invasion: Clash of the Titans. Mol Biol Int. 2012;2012:974924.
Google Scholar
Matsen FAT, Small CT, Soliven K, Engel GA, Feeroz MM, Wang X, et al. A novel Bayesian method for detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation and its application to zoonotic transmission of simian foamy viruses. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10:e1003493.
Google Scholar
Kuriyama S, Kikukawa M, Masui K, Okuda H, Nakatani T, Akahane T, et al. Cancer gene therapy with HSV-tk/GCV system depends on T-cell-mediated immune responses and causes apoptotic death of tumor cells in vivo. Int J Cancer. 1999;83:374–80.
Google Scholar
Joshi M, Keith Pittman H, Haisch C, Verbanac K. Real-time PCR to determine transgene copy number and to quantitate the biolocalization of adoptively transferred cells from EGFP-transgenic mice. Biotechniques. 2008;45:247–58.
Google Scholar
Ebeling SB, Borst HPE, Simonetti ER, Hol S, Garin MI, Slaper-Cortenbach I, et al. Development and application of quantitative real time PCR and RTPCR assays that discriminate between the full-length and truncated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. J Virological Methods. 2003;109:177–86.
Google Scholar
