FAO The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges (2017); https://reliefweb.int/report/world/future-food-and-agriculture-trends-and-challenges
Kah, M., Tufenkji, N. & White, J. C. Nano-enabled strategies to enhance crop nutrition and protection. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 532–540 (2019). This review summarizes current challenges in crop nutrition and protection, and the possible solutions offered by nanotechnology.
Google Scholar
Adisa, I. O. et al. Recent advances in nano-enabled fertilizers and pesticides: a critical review of mechanisms of action. Environ. Sci. Nano 6, 2002–2030 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kah, M., Kookana, R. S., Gogos, A. & Bucheli, T. D. A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 677–684 (2018). A critical evaluation of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides against their conventional analogues indicates that lack of information on the efficacy and environmental impact of nanoagrochemicals under field conditions is a critical knowledge gap.
Google Scholar
Camara, M. C. et al. Development of stimuli-responsive nano-based pesticides: emerging opportunities for agriculture. J. Nanobiotechnology 17, 100 (2019).
Google Scholar
Singh, H. et al. Recent advances in the applications of nano-agrochemicals for sustainable agricultural development. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 23, 213–239 (2021).
Google Scholar
Mitter, N. et al. Clay nanosheets for topical delivery of RNAi for sustained protection against plant viruses. Nat. Plants 3, 16207 (2017).
Google Scholar
Health Canada Policy Statement on Health Canada’s Working Definition for Nanomaterial (2011); https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/science-research/reports-publications/nanomaterial/policy-statement-health-canada-working-definition.html
Miernicki, M., Hofmann, T., Eisenberger, I., Kammer, Fvonder & Praetorius, A. Legal and practical challenges in classifying nanomaterials according to regulatory definitions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 208–216 (2019). The current limitations of the European Union definitions for ‘nanomaterial’ are outlined along with recommendations for a more coherent approach to classifying nanomaterials for regulatory purposes.
Google Scholar
US EPA Control of Nanoscale Materials under the Toxic Substances Control Act (2015); https://www.epa.gov/reviewing-new-chemicals-under-toxic-substances-control-act-tsca/control-nanoscale-materials-under
Boverhof, D. R. et al. Comparative assessment of nanomaterial definitions and safety evaluation considerations. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 73, 137–150 (2015).
Google Scholar
Etheridge, M. L. et al. The big picture on nanomedicine: the state of investigational and approved nanomedicine products. Nanomedicine 9, 1–14 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kah, M. Nanopesticides and nanofertilizers: emerging contaminants or opportunities for risk mitigation? Front. Chem. 3, 64 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bocca, B. et al. Nanopesticides: physico-chemical characterization by a combination of advanced analytical techniques. Food Chem. Toxicol. 146, 111816 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Naylor, R. & Polasky, S. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671–677 (2002).
Google Scholar
Hardy, A. et al. Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain: Part 1, human and animal health. EFSA J. 16, e05327 (2018). This European Food Safety Authority guidance document provides detailed information on the physical chemical characterization and toxicological testing required for risk assessment of the impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology applications in the food and feed chain on animal and human health.
Kookana, R. S. et al. Nanopesticides: guiding principles for regulatory evaluation of environmental risks. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 4227–4240 (2014). This paper presents the framework for ecological risk assessment of nanopesticides.
Google Scholar
Walker, G. W. et al. Ecological risk assessment of nano-enabled pesticides: a perspective on problem formulation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66, 6480–6486 (2018). This perspective article summarizes the relevant considerations for problem formulation in the ecological risk assessment of nanoenabled pesticides.
Google Scholar
ISO ISO/TR 19057:2017 (2017); https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/38/63836.html
Gubala, V. et al. Engineered nanomaterials and human health: part 1. Preparation, functionalization and characterization (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 90, 1283–1324 (2018).
Google Scholar
OECD Important Issues on Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials (Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials No. 33) (2012); http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)8&doclanguage=en
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) Guidance on the Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials in Cosmetics SCCS/1611/19 (Publications Office, 2019).
Grieger, K. et al. Best practices from nano-risk analysis relevant for other emerging technologies. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 998–1001 (2019).
Google Scholar
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Principles for the Assessment of Risks to Human Health from Exposure to Chemicals (1999); http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc210.htm
EC Commission Regulation (EU) No 284/2013 of 1 March 2013 Setting Out the Data Requirements for Plant Protection Products, in Accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market (2013); https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R0284
US EPA Data Requirements for Pesticide Registration (2013); https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/data-requirements-pesticide-registration
EC Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market and Repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC (2009).
EC Commission Regulation (EU) No 283/2013 of 1 March 2013 Setting out the Data Requirements for Active Substances, in Accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market (Text with EEA Relevance) (2013).
Health Canada. Regulatory Directive (DIR2005-01) Guidelines for Developing a Toxicological Database for Chemical Pest Control Products. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/pesticides-pest-management/policies-guidelines/regulatory-directive/2005/developing-toxicological-database-chemical-pest-control-products-dir2005-01.html (2005).
Shakiba, S. et al. Emerging investigator series: polymeric nanocarriers for agricultural applications: synthesis, characterization, and environmental and biological interactions. Environ. Sci. Nano 7, 37–67 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ma, C. et al. Advanced material modulation of nutritional and phytohormone status alleviates damage from soybean sudden death syndrome. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 1033–1042 (2020).
Google Scholar
Avramescu, M.-L., Chénier, M., Palaniyandi, S. & Rasmussen, P. E. Dissolution behavior of metal oxide nanomaterials in cell culture medium versus distilled water. J. Nanoparticle Res. 22, 222 (2020).
Google Scholar
Koltermann-Jülly, J. et al. Abiotic dissolution rates of 24 (nano)forms of 6 substances compared to macrophage-assisted dissolution and in vivo pulmonary clearance: grouping by biodissolution and transformation. NanoImpact 12, 29–41 (2018).
Google Scholar
Health Canada Guidance for Waiving or Bridging of Mammalian Acute Toxicity Tests for Pesticides (2015); https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/pesticides-pest-management/policies-guidelines/guidance-waiving-bridging-mammalian-acute-toxicity-tests-pesticides.html
US EPA Bridging or Waiving Data Requirements (2020); https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/bridging-or-waiving-data-requirements
Gimeno-Benito, I., Giusti, A., Dekkers, S., Haase, A. & Janer, G. A review to support the derivation of a worst-case dermal penetration value for nanoparticles. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 119, 104836 (2021).
Google Scholar
Beloqui, A., des Rieux, A. & Préat, V. Mechanisms of transport of polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles across the intestinal barrier. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 106, 242–255 (2016).
Google Scholar
Paranjpe, M. & Müller-Goymann, C. C. Nanoparticle-mediated pulmonary drug delivery: a review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15, 5852–5873 (2014).
Google Scholar
Steinhäuser, K. G. & Sayre, P. G. Reliability of methods and data for regulatory assessment of nanomaterial risks. NanoImpact 7, 66–74 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K., Rauscher, H., Kearns, P., González, M. & Riego Sintes, J. Developing OECD test guidelines for regulatory testing of nanomaterials to ensure mutual acceptance of test data. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 104, 74–83 (2019).
Google Scholar
Gao, X. & Lowry, G. V. Progress towards standardized and validated characterizations for measuring physicochemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials relevant to nano health and safety risks. NanoImpact 9, 14–30 (2018). Progress towards standardization and validation of methods to characterize the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of nanomaterials for risk assessment purposes is reviewed.
Google Scholar
Johnston, L. J., Gonzalez-Rojano, N., Wilkinson, K. J. & Xing, B. Key challenges for evaluation of the safety of engineered nanomaterials. NanoImpact 18, 100219 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K. et al. Physico-chemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials—characterisation and relevant methods. An outlook based on the OECD Testing Programme. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 92, 8–28 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sampathkumar, K., Tan, K. X. & Loo, S. C. J. Developing nano-delivery systems for agriculture and food applications with nature-derived polymers. iScience 23, 101055 (2020).
Google Scholar
Liang, D. et al. Degradation of polyacrylate in the outdoor agricultural soil measured by FTIR-PAS and LIBS. Polymers 10, 1296 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zumstein, M. T. et al. Biodegradation of synthetic polymers in soils: tracking carbon into CO2 and microbial biomass. Sci. Adv. 4, eaas9024 (2018).
Google Scholar
OECD Assessment of Biodurability of Nanomaterials and their Surface Ligands (Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials No. 86 (2018); http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2018)11&doclanguage=enThis OECD report summarizes current in vitro and in vivo methods to measure biodurability of nanomaterials as well as the effects of surface coatings and ligands on dissolution and degradation processes.
OECD Guidance Document for the Testing of Dissolution and Dispersion Stability of Nanomaterials and the Use of Data for Further Environmental Testing and Assessment Strategies (2020); http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2020)9&doclanguage=en
OECD Test No. 106: Adsorption–Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2000).
D’Souza, S. A review of in vitro drug release test methods for nano-sized dosage forms. Adv. Pharm. 2014, e304757 (2014).
European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory (EUNCL) Verification of Expected Lipid Composition in Nanomedical Controlled Release Systems by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry EUNCL-PCC-032 (2017).
Gioria, S. et al. Are existing standard methods suitable for the evaluation of nanomedicines: some case studies. Nanomedicine 13, 539–554 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kah, M., Weniger, A.-K. & Hofmann, T. Impacts of (nano)formulations on the fate of an insecticide in soil and consequences for environmental exposure assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 10960–10967 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kah, M., Walch, H. & Hofmann, T. Environmental fate of nanopesticides: durability, sorption and photodegradation of nanoformulated clothianidin. Environ. Sci. Nano 5, 882–889 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhang, P. et al. Nanomaterial transformation in the soil–plant system: implications for food safety and application in agriculture. Small 16, 2000705 (2020).
Google Scholar
Marques, M. R. C., Loebenberg, R. & Almukainzi, M. Simulated biological fluids with possible application in dissolution testing. Dissolution Technol. 18, 15–28 (2011).
Google Scholar
Oberdörster, G. et al. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2, 8 (2005).
Google Scholar
OECD Developments in Delegations on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials (2019); https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2019)11&doclanguage=en
OECD Test No. 428: Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method (2004); https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-428-skin-absorption-in-vitro-method_9789264071087-en
EFSA. Guidance on dermal absorption. EFSA J. 10, 2665 (2012).
Google Scholar
Singh, N., Wills, J. W. & Doak, S. H. in Nanotoxicology 248–275 (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017). The advantages of 3D cell culture models for in vitro nanotoxicity testing are reviewed, along with an overview of available 3D models to mimic the physiological environment of a variety of tissues and organs.
OECD Test No. 439: In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method (2020); https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-439-in-vitro-skin-irritation-reconstructed-human-epidermis-test-method_9789264242845-en
OECD Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method (2014); https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-431-in-vitro-skin-corrosion-reconstructed-human-epidermis-rhe-test-method_9789264264618-en
Wills, J. W. et al. Genetic toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles using a 3D in vitro skin model (EpiDermTM). Part. Fibre Toxicol. 13, 50 (2016).
Google Scholar
Barosova, H., Drasler, B., Petri-Fink, A. & Rothen-Rutishauser, B. Multicellular human alveolar model composed of epithelial cells and primary immune cells for hazard assessment. J. Vis. Exp. 159, e61090 (2020).
Chortarea, S. et al. Repeated exposure to carbon nanotube-based aerosols does not affect the functional properties of a 3D human epithelial airway model. Nanotoxicology 9, 983–993 (2015).
Google Scholar
Barosova, H. et al. Use of EpiAlveolar lung model to predict fibrotic potential of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 14, 3941–3956 (2020).
Google Scholar
Willoughby, J. A. Predicting respiratory toxicity using a human 3D airway (EpiAirwayTM) model combined with multiple parametric analysis. Appl. Vitr. Toxicol. 1, 55–65 (2014).
Google Scholar
Evans, S. J. et al. In vitro detection of in vitro secondary mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by engineered nanomaterials. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 16, 8 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kämpfer, A. A. M. et al. Development of an in vitro co-culture model to mimic the human intestine in healthy and diseased state. Toxicol. Vitr. 45, 31–43 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ude, V. C., Brown, D. M., Stone, V. & Johnston, H. J. Using 3D gastrointestinal tract in vitro models with microfold cells and mucus secreting ability to assess the hazard of copper oxide nanomaterials. J. Nanobiotechnol. 17, 70 (2019).
Google Scholar
Clift, M. J. D. et al. A novel technique to determine the cell type specific response within an in vitro co-culture model via multi-colour flow cytometry. Sci. Rep. 7, 434 (2017).
Google Scholar
Modrzynska, J. et al. In vivo-induced size transformation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in both lung and liver does not affect long-term hepatic accumulation following pulmonary exposure. PLoS ONE 13, e0202477 (2018).
Google Scholar
Test No. 417: Toxicokinetics, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 4 (OECD, 2010).
Toxicokinetics of Manufactured Nanomaterials: Report from the OECD Expert Meeting (OECD, 2016); http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2016)24&doclanguage=en
Kah, M. & Kookana, R. Emerging investigator series: nanotechnology to develop novel agrochemicals: critical issues to consider in the global agricultural context. Environ. Sci.: Nano 7, 1867–1873 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lowry, G. V., Avellan, A. & Gilbertson, L. M. Opportunities and challenges for nanotechnology in the agri-tech revolution. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 517–522 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lombi, E., Donner, E., Dusinska, M. & Wickson, F. A One Health approach to managing the applications and implications of nanotechnologies in agriculture. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 523–531 (2019).
Google Scholar
