Mullard, A. FDA approves first CAR T therapy. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 16, 669 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fischbach, M. A., Bluestone, J. A. & Lim, W. A. Cell-based therapeutics: the next pillar of medicine. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 179ps7 (2013).
Google Scholar
Klichinsky, M. et al. Human chimeric antigen receptor macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 947–953 (2020).
Google Scholar
Mitsuyasu, R. T. et al. Prolonged survival and tissue trafficking following adoptive transfer of CD4ζ gene-modified autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Blood 96, 785–793 (2000).
Google Scholar
Scholler, J. et al. Decade-long safety and function of retroviral-modified chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, p132ra53 (2012).
Tokarew, N., Ogonek, J., Endres, S., von Bergwelt-Baildon, M. & Kobold, S. Teaching an old dog new tricks: next-generation CAR T cells. Br. J. Cancer 120, 26–37 (2019).
Google Scholar
Anthony-Gonda, K. et al. Multispecific anti-HIV duoCAR-T cells display broad in vitro antiviral activity and potent in vivo elimination of HIV-infected cells in a humanized mouse model. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaav5685 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hale, M. et al. Engineering HIV-resistant, anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Mol. Ther. 25, 570–579 (2017).
Google Scholar
Maldini, C., Ellis, G. & Riley, J. L. CAR T cells for infection, autoimmunity and allotransplantation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 605–616 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, A.-S., Peterson, C. W. & Kiem, H.-P. CAR T cell approaches to HIV cure. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 13, 446–453 (2018).
Google Scholar
Full, F. et al. T cells engineered with a cytomegalovirus-specific chimeric immunoreceptor. J. Virol. 84, 4083–4088 (2010).
Google Scholar
Proff, J., Brey, C. U., Ensser, A., Holter, W. & Lehner, M. Turning the tables on cytomegalovirus: targeting viral Fc receptors by CARs containing mutated CH2–CH3 IgG spacer domains. J. Transl. Med. 16, 26 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bohne, F. et al. T cells redirected against hepatitis B virus surface proteins eliminate infected hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 134, 239–247 (2008).
Google Scholar
Festag, M. M. et al. Evaluation of a fully human, hepatitis B virus-specific chimeric antigen receptor in an immunocompetent mouse model. Mol. Ther. 27, 947–959 (2019).
Google Scholar
Krebs, K. et al. T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor that binds hepatitis B virus envelope proteins control virus replication in mice. Gastroenterology 145, 456–465 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kruse, R. L. et al. HBsAg-redirected T cells exhibit antiviral activity in HBV-infected human liver chimeric mice. Cytotherapy 20, 697–705 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sautto, G. A. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells redirected against hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 glycoprotein. Gut 65, 512–523 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kumaresan, P. R. et al. Bioengineering T cells to target carbohydrate to treat opportunistic fungal infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 10660–10665 (2014).
Google Scholar
Parida, S. K. et al. T-cell therapy: options for infectious diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 61, S217–S224 (2015).
Google Scholar
Colliou, N. et al. Long-term remissions of severe pemphigus after rituximab therapy are associated with prolonged failure of desmoglein B cell response. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 175ra30 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ellebrecht, C. T. et al. Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease. Science 353, 179–184 (2016).
Google Scholar
Parvathaneni, K. & Scott, D. W. Engineered FVIII-expressing cytotoxic T cells target and kill FVIII-specific B cells in vitro and in vivo. Blood Adv. 2, 2332–2340 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gomez Mendez, L. M. et al. Peripheral blood B cell depletion after rituximab and complete response in lupus nephritis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1502–1509 (2018).
Google Scholar
Merrill, J. T. et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 62, 222–233 (2010).
Google Scholar
Jin, X. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 18, 1896–1903 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kansal, R. et al. Sustained B cell depletion by CD19-targeted CAR T cells is a highly effective treatment for murine lupus. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaav1648 (2019).
Mougiakakos, D. et al. CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 567–569 (2021).
Google Scholar
Oh, S., O’Connor, K. & Payne, A. MuSK chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR) T cells for antigen-specific cellular immunotherapy of myasthenia gravis (2769). Neurology 94, 2769 (2020).
Blat, D., Zigmond, E., Alteber, Z., Waks, T. & Eshhar, Z. Suppression of murine colitis and its associated cancer by carcinoembryonic antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Mol. Ther. 22, 1018–1028 (2014).
Google Scholar
Elinav, E., Adam, N., Waks, T. & Eshhar, Z. Amelioration of colitis by genetically engineered murine regulatory T cells redirected by antigen-specific chimeric receptor. Gastroenterology 136, 1721–1731 (2009).
Google Scholar
Fransson, M. et al. CAR/FoxP3-engineered T regulatory cells target the CNS and suppress EAE upon intranasal delivery. J. Neuroinflammation 9, 112 (2012).
Google Scholar
Tenspolde, M. et al. Regulatory T cells engineered with a novel insulin-specific chimeric antigen receptor as a candidate immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. J. Autoimmun. 103, 102289 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bézie, S. et al. Human CD8+ Tregs expressing a MHC-specific CAR display enhanced suppression of human skin rejection and GVHD in NSG mice. Blood Adv. 3, 3522–3538 (2019).
Google Scholar
Boardman, D. A. et al. Expression of a chimeric antigen receptor specific for donor HLA class I enhances the potency of human regulatory T cells in preventing human skin transplant rejection. Am. J. Transplant. 17, 931–943 (2017).
Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. G. et al. Alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells generated with a chimeric antigen receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 126, 1413–1424 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mohseni, Y. R. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified human regulatory T cells that constitutively express IL-10 maintain their phenotype and are potently suppressive. Eur. J. Immunol. 51, 2522–2530 (2021).
Google Scholar
Noyan, F. et al. Prevention of allograft rejection by use of regulatory T cells with an MHC-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Am. J. Transplant. 17, 917–930 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zhang, L. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting a pathogenic MHC class II:peptide complex modulate the progression of autoimmune diabetes. J. Autoimmun. 96, 50–58 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kobayashi, S. et al. A biomimetic five-module chimeric antigen receptor (5MCAR) designed to target and eliminate antigen-specific T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 117, 28950–28959 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bluestone, J. A. et al. Type 1 diabetes immunotherapy using polyclonal regulatory T cells. Sci. Transl. Med. 7, 315ra189 (2015).
Google Scholar
Marek-Trzonkowska, N. et al. Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127− regulatory T cells preserves β-cell function in type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care 35, 1817–1820 (2012).
Google Scholar
Marek-Trzonkowska, N. et al. Therapy of type 1 diabetes with CD4+CD25highCD127-regulatory T cells prolongs survival of pancreatic islets — results of one year follow-up. Clin. Immunol. 153, 23–30 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ketelhuth, D. F. J., Gisterå, A., Johansson, D. K. & Hansson, G. K. T cell-based therapies for atherosclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 19, 5850–5858 (2013).
Google Scholar
Amor, C. et al. Senolytic CAR T cells reverse senescence-associated pathologies. Nature 583, 127–132 (2020).
Google Scholar
Li, S. et al. Targeting oxidized LDL improves insulin sensitivity and immune cell function in obese rhesus macaques. Mol. Metab. 2, 256–269 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kanisicak, O. et al. Genetic lineage tracing defines myofibroblast origin and function in the injured heart. Nat. Commun. 7, 12260 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kaur, H. et al. Targeted ablation of periostin-expressing activated fibroblasts prevents adverse cardiac remodeling in mice. Circ. Res. 118, 1906–1917 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lo, A. et al. Tumor-promoting desmoplasia is disrupted by depleting FAP-expressing stromal cells. Cancer Res. 75, 2800–2810 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wang, L.-C. S. et al. Targeting fibroblast activation protein in tumor stroma with chimeric antigen receptor T cells can inhibit tumor growth and augment host immunity without severe toxicity. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2, 154–166 (2014).
Google Scholar
Aghajanian, H. et al. Targeting cardiac fibrosis with engineered T cells. Nature 573, 430–433 (2019).
Google Scholar
Di Micco, R., Krizhanovsky, V., Baker, D. & d’Adda di Fagagna, F. Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 75–95 (2021).
Google Scholar
Baker, D. J. et al. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature 479, 232–236 (2011).
Google Scholar
Rinkevich, Y. et al. Skin fibrosis. Identification and isolation of a dermal lineage with intrinsic fibrogenic potential. Science 348, aaa2151 (2015).
Google Scholar
Klimak, M. et al. Immunoengineering the next generation of arthritis therapies. Acta Biomater. 133, 74–86 (2021).
Google Scholar
Marsh, L.-J., Kemble, S., Reis Nisa, P., Singh, R. & Croft, A. P. Fibroblast pathology in inflammatory joint disease. Immunol. Rev. 302, 163–183 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zhou, L. & Lu, H. Targeting fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 69, 771–776 (2010).
Google Scholar
Orvain, C., Boulch, M., Bousso, P., Allanore, Y. & Avouac, J. Is there a place for CAR-T cells in the treatment of chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheumatol. 73, 1954–1965 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tak, P. P. et al. Inhibition of joint damage and improved clinical outcomes with rituximab plus methotrexate in early active rheumatoid arthritis: the IMAGE trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 39–46 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhang, B. et al. In vitro elimination of autoreactive B cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients by universal chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 176–184 (2021).
Google Scholar
Croft, A. P. et al. Distinct fibroblast subsets drive inflammation and damage in arthritis. Nature 570, 246–251 (2019).
Google Scholar
Canady, J., Arndt, S., Karrer, S. & Bosserhoff, A. K. Increased KGF expression promotes fibroblast activation in a double paracrine manner resulting in cutaneous fibrosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 133, 647–657 (2013).
Google Scholar
Acharya, P. S., Zukas, A., Chandan, V., Katzenstein, A.-L. A. & Puré, E. Fibroblast activation protein: a serine protease expressed at the remodeling interface in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Hum. Pathol. 37, 352–360 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kimura, T. et al. Loss of cells expressing fibroblast activation protein has variable effects in models of TGF-β and chronic bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 317, L271–L282 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rovedatti, L. et al. Fibroblast activation protein expression in Crohn’s disease strictures. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17, 1251–1253 (2011).
Google Scholar
Depil, S., Duchateau, P., Grupp, S. A., Mufti, G. & Poirot, L. ‘Off-the-shelf’ allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 19, 185–199 (2020).
Google Scholar
Simonetta, F. et al. Allogeneic CAR invariant natural killer T cells exert potent antitumor effects through host CD8 T-cell cross-priming. Clin. Cancer Res. 27, 6054–6064 (2021).
Google Scholar
Parayath, N. N. & Stephan, M. T. In situ programming of CAR T cells. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 23, 385–405 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tombácz, I. et al. Highly efficient CD4+ T cell targeting and genetic recombination using engineered CD4+ cell-homing mRNA–LNP. Mol. Ther. 29, 3293–3304 (2021).
Google Scholar
Parayath, N. N., Stephan, S. B., Koehne, A. L., Nelson, P. S. & Stephan, M. T. In vitro-transcribed antigen receptor mRNA nanocarriers for transient expression in circulating T cells in vivo. Nat. Commun. 11, 6080 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rurik, J. G. et al. CAR T cells produced in vivo to treat cardiac injury. Science 375, 91–96 (2022).
Google Scholar
